fix(docker): patch CUDA 12.9 math headers for glibc 2.41 compatibility in Debian Trixie

Add runtime patching of CUDA math_functions.h to resolve compilation conflicts 
between CUDA 12.9 and glibc 2.41 used in Debian Trixie, enabling successful 
Sage Attention builds.

Root Cause:
CUDA 12.9 was compiled with older glibc and lacks noexcept(true) specifications 
for math functions (sinpi, cospi, sinpif, cospif) that glibc 2.41 requires,
causing "exception specification is incompatible" compilation errors.

Math Function Conflicts Fixed:
- sinpi(double x): Add noexcept(true) specification  
- sinpif(float x): Add noexcept(true) specification
- cospi(double x): Add noexcept(true) specification
- cospif(float x): Add noexcept(true) specification

Patch Implementation:
- Use sed to modify /usr/local/cuda-12.9/include/crt/math_functions.h at build time
- Add noexcept(true) to the four conflicting function declarations
- Maintains compatibility with both CUDA 12.9 and glibc 2.41

This resolves the compilation errors:
"error: exception specification is incompatible with that of previous function"

GPU detection and system setup already working perfectly:
- 5x RTX 3060 GPUs detected correctly ✅
- PyTorch CUDA compatibility confirmed ✅  
- Triton 3.4.0 installation successful ✅
- RTX 30/40 optimization strategy selected ✅

With this fix, Sage Attention should compile successfully on Debian Trixie
while maintaining the slim image approach and all current functionality.

References: 
- NVIDIA Developer Forums: https://forums.developer.nvidia.com/t/323591
- Known issue with CUDA 12.9 + glibc 2.41 in multiple projects

Dockerfile

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     gnupg2 \
     ca-certificates \
     ninja-build \
+    patch \
  && echo "deb http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/non-free.list \
  && wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/debian12/x86_64/cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb \
  && dpkg -i cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb \
@@ -44,6 +45,12 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
  && rm cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
 
+# Patch CUDA math_functions.h for glibc 2.41 compatibility
+RUN sed -i 's/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ double                 sinpi(double x);/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ double                 sinpi(double x) noexcept (true);/' /usr/local/cuda-12.9/include/crt/math_functions.h && \
+    sed -i 's/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ float                  sinpif(float x);/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ float                  sinpif(float x) noexcept (true);/' /usr/local/cuda-12.9/include/crt/math_functions.h && \
+    sed -i 's/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ double                 cospi(double x);/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ double                 cospi(double x) noexcept (true);/' /usr/local/cuda-12.9/include/crt/math_functions.h && \
+    sed -i 's/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ float                  cospif(float x);/extern __DEVICE_FUNCTIONS_DECL__ __device_builtin__ float                  cospif(float x) noexcept (true);/' /usr/local/cuda-12.9/include/crt/math_functions.h
+
 # Set CUDA paths for entrypoint compilation
 ENV CUDA_HOME=/usr/local/cuda-12.9 \
     PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.9/bin:${PATH} \